Bismuth has been known since ancient times, so no one person is credited with its discovery. The element was confused in early times with tin and lead because of its resemblance to those elements. In 1753, French chemist Claude François Geoffroy demonstrated that this metal is distinct from lead and tin.

铋在古代就被人类熟知，所以没有说有一位仁兄发现了铋 铋元素在早期常常和锡与铅混淆因其相似性 在1753年，法国化学家克劳德 弗朗索瓦 鲁瓦 将其区别阐释清楚

Polonium was discovered by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898 in Paris. This element was the first one discovered by the Curies while they were investigating the cause of pitchblende radioactivity. The dangers of working with radioactive elements were not known when the Curies made their discoveries.

钋被居里夫妇在1898年的巴黎发现 他们在考察沥青铀矿的放射性是发现了钋 在放射环境下工作的危险性在他们的发现之前没有人有具体了解

In 1869, existence of astatine was first predicted by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev and called the element eka-iodine. In 1940, Dale R. Corson, Kenneth Ross MacKenzie, and Emilio Segrè isolated the element at the University of California, Berkeley. Instead of searching for the element in nature, the scientists created it by bombarding bismuth-209 with alpha particles.

1869年，俄罗斯化学家就通过元素周期表预测了砹的存在并称其为类碘 在1940年，可罗森，麦肯齐，和格萨拉在加州大学伯克利分校分校分离出了这种元素，科学家用氦核轰击铋209得到了这种元素

Radon was discovered in 1900 by Friedrich Ernst Dorn in Halle, Germany. He reported some experiments in which he noticed that radium compounds emanate a radioactive gas. In 1910, Sir William Ramsay and Robert Whytlaw-Gray isolated radon, determined its density, and determined that it was the heaviest known gas.

氡在1900年被弗里德里希 恩斯特 多恩在德国哈勒市发现 他报道了他在实验中注意到镭的化合物会放出放射性的气体 1910年，威廉 拉姆齐爵士和罗伯特 网龙-格雷分离出氡单质，测定其密度，定义其是迄今最重的气体

Francium was discovered in 1939 by Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, France. It was discovered when she was researching the radioactive decay of actinium-227. Marguerite Perey discovered that francium-223 is made naturally when actinium-227 emits an alpha-particle.

钫在1939年被在居里研究室的玛格丽特 佩里在法国巴黎发现 她的发现是当锕227衰变时，钫223是自然的产物，另一产物是阿尔法粒子

Radium was discovered by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie in 1898. They extracted the radium compound from a uraninite sample. Radium was isolated in its metallic state by Marie Curie and André-Louis Debierne in 1910 through the electrolysis of radium chloride by using a mercury cathode and distilling in an atmosphere of hydrogen gas.

镭在1898年被居里夫妇发现 他们从沥青铀矿样品中提取了铀化合物 镭金属在1910年被玛丽居里和安德烈-路易斯 德比尔纳用汞电极电解氯化镭并用氢气蒸馏产品的方法制得

André-Louis Debierne, a French chemist, discovered actinium in 1899. He separated it from pitchblende residues left by Marie and Pierre Curie after they had extracted radium. Friedrich Oskar Giesel independently discovered actinium in 1902 as a substance being similar to lanthanum.

安德烈-路易斯 德比尔纳，一个法国化学家，在1899年发现了锕 它从居里夫妇提取镭的残留物中提取到了纯锕金属 弗里德里希 奥斯卡 吉赛尔独立地在1902年发现了锕及其与镧的相似性

Thorium was discovered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1828, in Stockholm, Sweden. Thorium was first observed to be radioactive in 1898, independently, by Polish-French physicist Marie Curie and German chemist Gerhard Carl Schmidt. The crystal bar process was discovered by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer in 1925 to produce high-purity metallic thorium.

钍在1828年被贝采利乌斯在瑞典斯德哥尔摩发现 钍在1898年被波兰裔法籍物理学家玛丽居里和德国化学家吉哈德 卡尔 施密特各自独立地观察到是放射性的 一个粗品钍晶体棒被安东 杜德 范阿克尔和詹 亨迪利 德波尔在1925年溶解来制造更纯的金属钍

In 1900, William Crookes isolated protactinium as an intensely radioactive material from uranium Protactinium was first identified in 1913 by Kasimir Fajans and Oswald Helmuth Göhring in Germany. A more stable isotope of protactinium was discovered in 1917 by Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin.

在1900年，威廉 克鲁克斯从铀-镤样品中分离出了镤单质并在1913年被法金斯和勾瑞定义为一种新元素 1917年一种更加稳定的镤同位素被奥托 哈恩和丽萨 梅特纳在柏林的凯塞尔 威赫姆研究所发现

Uranium was discovered in 1789 by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. In 1841, Eugène-Melchior Péligot isolated the first sample of uranium metal by heating uranium tetrachloride with potassium. Antoine Henri Becquerel discovered radioactivity by using uranium in 1896.

铀在1789年被德国化学家马丁 亨里奇 克拉普鲁斯发现 在1841年，尤金-梅尔基奥尔通过加热四氯化铀和钾分离出来了第一份铀样品 安东尼 亨利 贝克勒尔用铀发现了放射性

Neptunium was the first synthetic transuranium element of the actinide series to be discovered. Neptunium was first produced by Edwin McMillan and Philip H. Abelson in 1940 at Berkeley Radiation Laboratory of the University of California. The team produced the neptunium isotope ²³⁹Np by bombarding uranium with slow moving neutrons.

镎是第一个用铀转化法合成的锕系元素 镎首先被埃德温 麦克米兰和飞利浦 艾伯森在1940年的加州大学伯克利分校的放射性实验室 这个团队是用缓慢移动的中子轰击铀核而得到镎

Plutonium was first produced in 1940 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin M. McMillan, Joseph W. Kennedy and Arthur Wahl. Plutonium-238 was produced by deuteron bombardment of uranium-238 in the 60-inch cyclotron at the University of California, Berkeley. The Berkeley team made neptunium-238 which decayed to plutonium-238.

钚在1940年被赛博格，麦克米兰，肯尼迪和胡何在加州大学伯克利分校的60英寸粒子加速器用中子轰击铀238核得到 伯克利团队用镎238经衰变得到钚238

Americium-241 was first identified in 1944 by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James, Leon O. Morgan and Albert Ghiorso at the metallurgical laboratory at the University of Chicago. It was produced by irradiating plutonium with neutrons during the Manhattan Project. Americium was first isolated as a pure compound by Burris Cunningham in 1945, at the University of Chicago.

镅241首先在芝加哥大学的冶金实业室中被赛博格，詹姆斯，摩根和吉奥索鉴定出来 它在曼哈顿工程中被用放射性的钚和中子制造出来 镅化合物首先被伯勒斯 康宁安在1945年的芝加哥大学发现

Curium was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg, Ralph A. James and Albert Ghiorso in 1944 at the University of California, Berkeley. It was produced by bombarding plutonium with alpha particles during the Manhattan Project. Curium metal was produced only in 1951 by reduction of curium fluoride with barium.

锔在1944年的加州大学伯克利分校被赛博格，詹姆斯和吉奥索发现 它之后在曼哈顿项目中被用钚核和阿尔法粒子制造出来 锔金属之后被用钡盐还原氟化锔制造出来

Berkelium was discovered by Glenn T. Seaborg, Albert Ghiorso and Stanley G. Thompson in 1949 at the University of California, Berkeley. It was produced by the bombardment of americium with alpha particles. Berkelium was isolated in greater quantities for the first time by Burris Cunningham and Stanley Thompson in 1958.

锫在1949年的加州大学伯克利分校被赛博格，吉奥索和汤普森发现 它是有阿尔法粒子轰击镅核而得到锫在1958年被康宁安和汤普森大量分离出来

Californium was discovered by Stanley G. Thompson, Kenneth Street, Jr., Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg in 1950 at the University of California, Berkeley. It was produced by the bombardment of curium with alpha particles. Californium was isolated in macro quantities for the first time by Burris Cunningham and Stanley Thompson in 1958.

在1950年的加州大学伯克利分校被汤普森，斯奎特，吉奥索和赛博格发现 它是由锔和阿尔法粒子聚变而成的 锎在1958年被康宁安和汤普森大量分离出来

Einsteinium was discovered as a component of the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952. It was identified by Albert Ghiorso and co-workers at the University of California, Berkeley in collaboration with the Argonne and Los Alamos National Laboratories, in the fallout from the Ivy Mike nuclear test. The new element was produced by the nuclear explosion in miniscule amounts by the addition of 15 neutrons to uranium-238.

锿在1952年第一颗氢弹爆炸的碎片终被观察到 它被吉奥索及其同事在加州大学伯克利分校的碰撞试验室和阿贡和国家实验室鉴定出来 在常春藤麦克核测试中，这种新元素被用15个中子核一个铀238的核痕量制造出来

Fermium was discovered as a component of the debris of the first hydrogen bomb explosion in 1952. It was identified by Albert Ghiorso and co-workers at the University of California, Berkeley in collaboration with the Argonne and Los Alamos National Laboratories, in the fallout from the Ivy Mike nuclear test. The new element was produced by the nuclear fission of 17 neutrons with uranium-238.

镄在1952年第一颗氢弹爆炸的碎片终被观察到 它被吉奥索及其同事在加州大学伯克利分校的碰撞试验室和阿贡和国家实验室鉴定出来 在常春藤麦克核测试中，这种新元素被用17个中子核一个铀238的核痕量制造出来

Mendelevium was discovered by Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, Gregory R. Choppin, Bernard G. Harvey and Stanley G. Thompson in 1955 at the University of California, Berkeley. It was produced by the bombardment of einsteinium with helium. Mendelevium was identified by chemical analysis in an ion exchange experiment.

钔在1955年被吉奥索，赛博格，肖邦，哈维和汤普森在加州大学伯克利分校发现 是用氦核轰击锿而得到 钔被用在化学鉴定和分析中

Nobelium was discovered by Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, John R. Walton and Torbjørn Sikkeland in 1958 at the University of California, Berkeley. It was produced by the bombardment of curium with carbon atoms. It was correctly identified in 1966 by scientists at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna, Soviet Union.

锘在1958年被吉奥索，赛博格，沃尔顿和史可兰在加州大学伯克利分校发现 用碳核轰击锔核而得到 它在1966年被苏联弗缪洛夫实验室的科学家正确鉴定出来

Lawrencium was discovered by Albert Ghiorso, Torbjørn Sikkeland, Almon Larsh and Robert M. Latimer in 1961 at the University of California, Berkeley. It was produced by the bombardment of californium with boron atoms. Lawrencium was the last member of the actinide series to be discovered.

铹在1961年被吉奥索，史可莱，拉什和拉提米在加州大学伯克利分校发现 它有一个碳核和一个锫核合成 铹是锕系元素中最后一个被发现的

Rutherfordium was reportedly first detected in 1964 at the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research at Dubna. The element was synthesized by Albert Ghiorso, Matti Nurmia, James Andrew Harris, Kari Eskola and Pirkko Eskola in 1968 at the University of California, Berkeley. It was produced by the bombardment of californium with carbon atoms.

据报道，1964年在杜布纳的核研究联合研究所首次发现了卢瑟福。 这一元素是由Kari Eskola、Kari Eskola、詹姆斯安德鲁哈里斯、Matti Nurmia和Matti Nurmia于1968年在加州大学伯克利分校合成的。 它是由加利福尼亚和碳原子的轰击产生的。

Dubnium was reportedly first discovered in 1968 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna. Researchers there bombarded an americium-243 target with neon-22 ions. In the same year, a team led by Albert Ghiorso working at the University of California, Berkeley conclusively synthesized the element by bombarding a californium-249 target with nitrogen-15 ions.

据报道，Dubnium最早是在1968年在杜布纳的联合核研究所发现的。 那里的研究人员用奈-22离子轰击了一个美国-243目标。 同年，由Albert Ghiorso在加州大学伯克利分校领导的一个团队，通过对加州-249个目标的轰炸，最终合成了这一元素。

Scientists working at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, USSR reported their discovery of element 106 in June 1974. Synthesis was also reported in September 1974 at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory by the workers of the Lawrence Berkeley and Livermore Laboratories led by Albert Ghiorso and E. Kenneth Hulet. It was produced by collisions of californium-249 with oxygen atoms.

在苏联杜布纳联合核研究所工作的科学家们报告了他们在1974年6月发现的106号元素。 1974年9月，劳伦斯伯克利实验室的工作人员和Albert Ghiorso和Albert Ghiorso领导的劳伦斯伯克利实验室的工作人员也报告了合成。 它是由加利福尼亚-249和氧原子碰撞产生的

Bohrium was first convincingly synthesized in 1981 by a German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt. The team bombarded a target of bismuth-209 with accelerated nuclei of chromium-54 to produce 5 atoms of the isotope bohrium-262.

1981年，由Peter Armbruster和Peter Armbruster领导的德国研究小组在达姆施塔特的研究小组中，由Peter Armbruster和Peter Armbruster领导的研究小组首次令人信服地合成了boh1981。 该团队用加速核-54的速度轰击了铋-209的目标，生成了5个同位素的boh262-262原子。

Hassium was first synthesized in 1984 by a German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt. The team bombarded a target of lead-208 with accelerated nuclei of iron-58 to produce 3 atoms of the isotope hassium-265.

Hassium于1984年首次由Hassium和Hassium领导的德国研究小组在达姆施塔特市的研究中心(格尔斯-施夫斯特)。 该研究小组用铁58的加速核轰击了铅208的目标，以产生同位素hassi265-265的3个原子。

Meitnerium was first synthesized in 1982 by a German research team led by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt. The team bombarded a target of bismuth-209 with accelerated nuclei of iron-58 and detected a single atom of the isotope meitnerium-266.

1982年，由Peter Armbruster和Gottfried Münzenberg领导的德国研究小组在达姆施塔特市的研究中心(格尔斯-施勒斯-施瓦恩施隆)领导的研究小组首次合成了Meitnerium。 该小组用铁58的加速核轰击了铋-209的目标，并探测到一种同位素的同位素——meitneri266-266。

Darmstadtium was first created in 1994, at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt, Germany, by Peter Armbruster and Gottfried Münzenberg, under the direction of Sigurd Hofmann. The team bombarded a lead-208 target with accelerated nuclei of nickel-62 and detected a single atom of the isotope darmstadtium-269.

Gottfried Münzenberg于1994年首次在德国的达姆施塔特市，在Peter Armbruster和Gottfried Münzenberg的领导下，在德国的Darmstadtium和Peter Armbruster的领导下，建立了一项研究。 该小组用加速核镍62的原子核轰击了一个铅-208目标，并探测到一个单一的同位素——达施塔特-269。

Roentgenium was first synthesized by an international team led by Sigurd Hofmann at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt, Germany in 1994. The team bombarded a target of bismuth-209 with accelerated nuclei of nickel-64 and detected a single atom of the isotope roentgenium-272.

1994年，在德国的达姆施塔特市，由Sigurd Hofmann领导的国际研究小组(格尔斯施夫施勒施恩施隆)，由Sigurd Hofmann领导的国际研究小组首次合成了Roentgenium。 研究小组用镍-64的加速核轰击了铋-209的目标，并检测出了同位素roent272-272的单个原子。

Copernicium was first created on February 9, 1996, at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt, Germany, by Sigurd Hofmann, Victor Ninov et al. This element was created by firing accelerated zinc-70 nuclei at a target made of lead-208 nuclei in a heavy ion accelerator. A single atom of copernicium was produced with a mass number of 277.

1996年2月9日，在德国的达姆施塔特市，Sigurd Hofmann和Sigurd Hofmann等人在德国的重离子研究所(Gesellschaft fr)中首次创建了这一元素，这一元素是由一颗重离子加速器的铅-208原子核所制造的。 一个单原子的单原子产生了大量的277。

Nihonium was identified in 2003 as an alpha decay product of element 115, moscovium by a team composed of Russian scientists at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna and American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The Dubna-Livermore collaboration has strengthened their claim for the discovery of nihonium by conducting chemical experiments on the final decay product ²⁶⁸Db.

在2003年，nih铵被认为是第115号元素的alpha衰变产物，它由一个由俄罗斯科学家组成的团队在美国劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室里由俄罗斯科学家和美国科学家组成。 通过对最终衰变产物268Db的化学实验，dubna-莫尔的合作加强了他们对nih溴的发现。

Ununquadium (Uuq) was the temporary IUPAC systematic element name. In 1998, a team led by Yuri Oganessian and Vladimir Utyonkov at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna produced flerovium by bombarding plutonium with calcium. In an experiment lasting 40 days, 5 x 10¹⁸ atoms of calcium to be fired at plutonium to produce a single atom of flerovium.

Ununquadium（Uuq）是IUPAC的临时系统元素名称。 在一九九八年，杜布纳由联合核研究所的尤里·奥加内西奥和弗拉基米尔·乌托隆科夫领导的一个小组通过用钙炸钚来生产氟氯氰菊酯。 在持续40天的实验中，在钚上煅烧的5 × 10¹⁸个原子的钙，以产生单一的氟化物原子。

Moscovium was identified in 2004 by a team composed of Russian scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, and American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The team reported that they bombarded americium-243 with calcium-48 ions to produce four atoms of moscovium. These atoms decayed by emission of alpha-particles to nihonium in approximately 100 milliseconds.

2004年由Dubna的核研究联合研究所的俄罗斯科学家和劳伦斯·利弗莫尔国家实验室的美国科学家组成的组织确定了莫斯科。 该团队报告说，他们用钙-48离子轰击ium -243以产生四个原子的moscovium。 这些原子在大约100毫秒内通过将α-粒子发射到无卤而衰变。

Ununhexium (Uuh) was the temporary IUPAC systematic element name. Livermorium was identified in 2000 by a team composed of Russian scientists at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna and American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory led by Yuri Oganessian and Ken Moody.

Ununhexium（Uuh）是临时的IUPAC系统元素名称。 2000年由一个由俄罗斯科学家在核研究联合研究组织Dubna和美国科学家组成的小组确定了Livermorium，由尤里·奥加西西安和肯·穆迪率领的劳伦斯·利弗莫尔国家实验室。

Tennessine was identified in 2010 by a team composed of Russian scientists at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna and American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. It was produced by the bombardment of berkelium with calcium. Ununseptium was the temporary IUPAC systematic element name.

Tennessine在2010年由俄罗斯科学家组织的核研究组织Dub Dub和美国劳伦斯·利弗莫尔国家实验室的科学家组成。 它是通过用钙轰击贝克钙而产生的。 Ununseptium是IUPAC的临时系统元素名称。

Oganesson was identified in 2002 by a team composed of Russian scientists at Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna and American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. It was produced by the bombardment of californium with calcium. Ununoctium was the temporary IUPAC systematic element name.

Oganesson于2002年由俄罗斯科学家联合核研究所，Dubna和美国劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室的科学家组成的小组确定。 它是用氪钙与钙的轰击产生的。 Ununoctium是IUPAC的临时系统元素名称。

Liquid hydrogen is used as a rocket fuel. Hydrogen is commonly used in power stations as a coolant in generators. Hydrogen's two heavier isotopes (deuterium and tritium) are used in nuclear fusion. Used as a shielding gas in welding methods such as atomic hydrogen welding.

液氢是一种火箭燃料 同时它广泛用于发电站的冷却剂 他的两个较重的同位素（氘和氚）用于核聚变 还被用作焊接的保护气氛，比如原子氢焊接

Helium is used as a protective gas in growing silicon and germanium crystals, in titanium and zirconium production, and in gas chromatography. Helium at low temperatures is used in cryogenics. Helium is used for filling balloons and for pressurizing liquid fuel rockets. Helium is used as a shielding gas in arc welding processes.

在结晶硅和锗，生产钛和锌及色谱法的过程中的过程中氦被用作保护气氛 同样氦可以充气球和给液态燃料火箭增压 在电焊弧过程中，氦是一种保护气

Pure lithium metal is used in rechargeable lithium ion batteries. Lithium stearate is used as an all-purpose and high-temperature lubricant. Lithium is used in special glasses and ceramics. Metallic lithium and its complex hydrides are used as high energy additives to rocket propellants.

纯锂被用于锂离子二次电池 锂的硬脂酸盐被用于各种用途的润滑剂 锂被用于特殊的玻璃和陶瓷中 锂和其高能量的氢化物被用作火箭推进剂

Beryllium is used in nuclear reactors as a reflector or moderator. Beryllium metal is used for lightweight structural components in the defense and aerospace industries in high-speed aircraft, guided missiles, space vehicles and satellites. Unlike most metals, beryllium is virtually transparent to x-rays and hence it is used in radiation windows for x-ray tubes.

铍被用在核反应堆中作为反射剂和缓冲剂 铍金属是航天工业高速飞行器，导弹，航空器和卫星中低密度结构组件的成分 同样独特的是，铍几乎是X射线全透的，因此它它被用作X射线管的放射窗

Boron oxide is used in glassmaking and ceramics. Borax is used in making fiberglass, as a cleansing fluid, a water softener, insecticide, herbicide and disinfectant. Boric acid is used as a mild antiseptic and as a flame retardant. Boron shielding is used as a control for nuclear reactors.

硼的氧化物被用来制造玻璃和陶瓷 焦硼酸钠被用来制作玻璃纤维，作为净化流体，水软化剂，杀虫剂，除草剂和消毒剂 焦硼酸被用作一种温和的灭菌剂和阻燃剂 硼防护可以被用作核反应堆的控制手段

The major use of carbon other than food and wood is in the form of hydrocarbons, most notably the fossil fuel methane gas and crude oil. Graphite is used for pencil tips, high temperature crucibles, dry cells, electrodes and as a lubricant. Diamonds are used in jewelry and in industry for cutting, drilling, grinding, and polishing. Carbon black is used as the black pigment in printing ink.

碳的主要用途是食品和木材里的碳水化合物，最引人注目的是化石燃料甲烷和石油 石墨被用作铅笔芯，高温坩埚，干电池，电极和润滑剂 金刚石是珠宝和金刚刀，金刚钻，研杵，磨砂 炭黑被用作印刷墨水中的染料

Nitrogen is used to produce ammonia and fertilizers, vital for current food production methods. Liquid nitrogen is used as a refrigerant. Nitric acid is used as an oxidizing agent in liquid fueled rockets. Nitrogen is a constituent of molecules in every major drug class in pharmacology and medicine.

氮被用作制氨和肥料，是实物生产的重要元素 液氮是常用的制冷剂 硝酸是液态火箭燃料的助燃剂 氮元素是一种现代药物学的重要分子组件

Pure oxygen is frequently used to help breathing in patients with respiratory ailments. Oxygen is used in oxyacetylene welding, as an oxidant for rocket fuel, and in methanol and ethylene oxide production. It is also used in the production of steel, plastics and textiles. Plants and animals rely on oxygen for respiration.

纯氧被用来辅助呼吸失调的病人恢复正常 作为氧化剂用于氧焊，火箭推进剂，甲醇和乙烯的生产 同样用于钢铁，塑料，纺织工业 植物和动物的呼吸作用也依赖氧的存在

Compounds of fluorine, including sodium fluoride, are used in toothpaste and in drinking water to prevent dental cavities. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) now serve as replacements for CFC refrigerants. Fluorine and its compounds are used in processing nuclear fuel.

氟的化合物，包括氟化钠，被用作牙膏添加剂和涑口水来防止龋齿 含氢氟氯代烃现在取代了非氢氟氯代烃作为制冷剂 氟及其化合物被用作生产核燃料

Neon is often used in brightly lit advertising signs. It is also used in vacuum tubes, high-voltage indicators, lightning arrestors, wave meter tubes, television tubes, and helium-neon lasers. Liquid neon is used as a cryogenic refrigerant.

氖被广泛用于广告霓虹灯，真空管，高压指示器，雷电捕捉器，米波管，电视管，氦氖激光器 液态氖就是低温冷却剂

Metallic sodium is vital in the manufacture of esters and in the preparation of organic compounds. Sodium vapor lamps are often used for street lighting in cities. Liquid sodium is used as a heat transfer fluid in some fast reactors. Sodium is also used as an alloying metal, an anti-scaling agent, and as a reducing agent for metals when other materials are ineffective.

金属钠是一种制备酯和其他有机物的关键药剂 气态钠灯被广泛用于路灯 液态钠被用于急速反应堆中的热交换 钠还可以被用来制备合金（防腐防垢剂）同时避免别的金属被腐蚀

Magnesium is widely used in the manufacturing of mobile phones, laptop computers, cameras, and other electronic components. The brilliant light it produces when ignited is made use of in photography, flares, pyrotechnics and incendiary bombs. Magnesium compounds such as the hydroxide (milk of magnesia), sulfate (Epsom salts), chloride and citrate are used for medicinal purposes.

镁被用作大规模生产各种电子设备，比如电话，笔记本电脑，相机 白色的镁光被用作照片，照明弹，舞台布景和闪光弹 氢氧化镁，硫化镁，氯化镁和柠檬酸镁都有医疗用途

Aluminium is used in an extensive range of products from drinks cans to window frames and boats to aircraft. It is used in electrical transmission lines. It is also used for kitchen utensils, outside building decoration, and in thousands of industrial applications. When alloyed with small amounts of copper, magnesium, silicon, manganese, or other elements impart a variety of useful properties.

铝的广泛应用从饮料罐到窗户结构到船只和飞机 同样的被用作电缆的成分 它同样可以用于厨房家具，建筑装饰及上千种工业应用 当铝和铜，镁，硅，锰构成合金时可以得到多种有用的性能

In the form of sand and clay it is used to make concrete and brick; it is a useful refractory material for high-temperature work, and in the form of silicates it is used in making enamels, pottery, etc. Silica, as sand, is a principal ingredient of glass. Silicon chips are the basis of modern electronic and computing. Silicon carbide, more commonly called carborundum is used in abrasives.

硅在沙子，贝壳，水泥和砖块中都是有用的结构材料 硅在硅酸盐形式下被用来制备釉质，陶瓷等产品 二氧化硅，沙子是玻璃的原材料 单晶硅片是现代电子设备的基础 碳化硅是有用的磨料