Henry Cavendish was the first to distinguish hydrogen from other gases in 1766 when he prepared it by reacting hydrochloric acid with zinc. In 1670, English scientist Robert Boyle had observed its production by reacting strong acids with metals. French scientist Antoine Lavoisier later named the element hydrogen in 1783.

亨利卡文迪许是首先从锌-盐酸反应中制备分离出了氢气在1670年，英格兰科学家罗伯特波义耳观察了强酸和金属的产物（其中存在氢气），之后法国科学家拉瓦锡将其命名为氢（1783年）

French astronomer Jules Janssen obtained the first evidence of helium during the solar eclipse of 1868. Norman Lockyer and Edward Frankland suggested the name helium for the new element. In 1895, Sir William Ramsay discovered helium in the uranium mineral cleveite. It was independently discovered in cleveite by Per Teodor Cleve and Abraham Langlet.

法国天文学家尤乐詹森从1868年的日食观测中得到了氦存在的证据诺曼洛克伊尔和爱德华法兰克兰建议将其命名为“氦”（即太阳元素） 1895年，威廉拉奇姆从钇铀矿中发现了氦皮特奥多尔克里夫和亚伯兰罕郎勒特二人独立地发现了氦

Lithium was discovered by Johann Arfvedson in 1817 when he was analyzing minerals from the island of Uto in Sweden. The pure metal was isolated the following year by both Swedish chemist William Thomas Brande and English chemist Sir Humphry Davy working independently. In 1855, larger quantities of lithium were produced through the electrolysis of lithium chloride by Robert Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen.

约翰阿菲尔德在1817年分析瑞典尤图的矿石时发现了锂下一年，瑞典化学家威廉托马斯和英国化学家汉弗莱戴维爵士各自独立地分离出来 1855年，罗伯特本生和奥古斯都马西森开始用电解法大批量生产锂

Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin discovered beryllium in the oxide form in both beryl and emeralds in 1798. Friedrich Wöhler and Antoine Bussy independently isolated beryllium in 1828 by the chemical reaction of metallic potassium with beryllium chloride. The first commercially-successful process for producing beryllium was developed in 1932 by Alfred Stock and Hans Goldschmidt.

路易斯-尼克拉沃克兰在绿柱石和翡翠中发现了氧化的铍（1798年）弗勒贝尔维勒和安东尼比西独立地用钾与氯化铍反应分离出来铍单质（1828年）第一次成功的商业化大规模生产铍的技术是由阿尔弗雷德斯托克和汉斯戈尔德施密特发展起来的

Boron compounds have been known for thousands of years, but the element was not discovered until 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by Gay-Lussac and Thenard. Boron was not recognized as an element until it was isolated in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy and by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard. Jöns Jakob Berzelius identified boron as an element in 1824.

硼的化合物几千年来被人熟知，但是硼元素到1808年才被汉弗莱戴维爵士和盖-吕萨克，泰纳尔（三位同年将其分离）琼斯雅各布贝采利乌斯在824年定义了硼是一种元素

Carbon was discovered in prehistory and was known in the forms of soot and charcoal to the earliest human civilizations. In 1772, Antoine Lavoisier showed that diamonds are a form of carbon; when he burned samples of charcoal and diamond and found that neither produced any water. In 1779, Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed that graphite burned to form carbon dioxide and so must be another form of carbon.

碳在史前就已被发现且被早期人类文明熟知的形态有煤烟和木炭 1772年，安东尼拉瓦锡通过对比燃烧木炭和钻石的产物揭示了钻石是碳的一种形态（没有水产生） 1779年，卡尔威赫姆舍勒用同样的方法证明了石墨是碳的又一种形态

Nitrogen is considered to have been discovered by Scottish physician Daniel Rutherford in 1772, who called it noxious air or fixed air. It was also studied at about the same time by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, Henry Cavendish and Joseph Priestley. In 1790 the French chemist Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal named the element nitrogen.

氮被认为是被苏格兰物理学家丹尼尔卢瑟福在1772年发现的，称为有毒和惰性气体同时代的卡尔威赫姆舍勒，亨利卡文迪许和约瑟夫普利斯特莱也在研究氮气 1790年，法国化学家吉安安东尼克鲁德夏普塔尔将其命名为“氮”

Carl Wilhelm Scheele obtained oxygen by heating mercuric oxide and nitrates in 1771, but did not publish his findings until 1777. Joseph Priestley also prepared this new air by 1774. The name oxygen was coined in 1777 by Antoine Lavoisier, whose experiments with oxygen helped to discredit the then-popular phlogiston theory of combustion and corrosion.

卡尔威赫姆舍勒在1771年通过加热氧化汞和硝酸盐制得了纯氧，但是知道1777年才发表了他的发现约瑟夫普利斯特莱同样在1774年制得了氧气 1777年安东尼拉瓦锡命名了“氧”，同样的，他之后的实验推翻了流行的燃素说

In 1529, Georigius Agricola described the use of fluorspar as a flux. In 1670 Heinrich Schwandhard found that glass was etched when exposed to fluorspar treated with acid. In 1810, French scientist Andre-Marie Ampere proposed that fluoric acid was a compound of hydrogen with a new element. The element was finally isolated in 1886 by Henri Moissan.

1529年，乔治亚阿古利克拉描述了萤石的作为流体的用途 1670年海因里希思科万哈德发现玻璃会被萤石和酸的混合物腐蚀 1810年，法国科学家安德-玛丽安培提出氢氟酸是氢和一种新元素的一种化合物，这种新元素在1886年被亨利莫斯安最终分离出来

Neon was discovered in 1898 by the British chemists Sir William Ramsay and Morris W. Travers in London. It was discovered when Ramsay chilled a sample of air until it became a liquid, then warmed the liquid and captured the gases as they boiled off. After 1902, Georges Claude's company, Air Liquide, was producing industrial quantities of neon as a byproduct of his air liquefaction business.

氖在1898年被英国化学家威廉拉姆齐和莫里斯特拉弗斯在伦敦发现在拉姆齐液化空气样品有使之蒸发后捕捉到了新的气体 1902年之后，乔治克鲁德的公司，液态空气生产出了工业数量级的氖（作为液化空气业务的副产品）

The chemical abbreviation for sodium was first published by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in his system of atomic symbols. It is a contraction of the element's new Latin name "natrium", which refers to the Egyptian "natron", a natural mineral salt primarily made of hydrated sodium carbonate. In 1807, Sir Humphry Davy isolated sodium for the first time by electrolysis of dried sodium hydroxide, which had been very slightly moistened.

首先被琼斯雅可比贝采利乌斯出版的碳酸氢钠的化学缩写于他的原子系统中一本元素的拉丁名对比指南一种天然存在的矿物 1807年，汉弗莱戴维用电解法从氢氧化钠中分离出了那单质（虽然很潮湿）

Scottish chemist Joseph Black recognized magnesium as an element in 1755. Magnesium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1808, in London. He used electrolysis on a mixture of magnesia and mercuric oxide. Antoine Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831.

苏格兰化学家约瑟夫布兰克识别出镁是一种元素（1755）.镁第一手被分离是被汉弗莱戴维第一次用电解镁砂和氧化汞分离出来，在伦敦安东尼布西连续制备了它（1831年）

In 1761, Guyton de Morveau proposed the name alumine for the base in alum, and Antoine Lavoisier, in 1787, thought this to be the oxide of a still undiscovered metal. Sir Humphry Davy identified the existence of a metal base of alum in 1808. Hans Christian Ørsted was the first to isolate metallic aluminium in 1825 in impure form. Friedrich Wöhler is generally credited with having isolated the metal in 1827.

1761年，盖顿德莫尔沃提出白矾中含有铝元素，1787年，安东尼拉瓦锡认为白矾是一种氧化态的金属（当时未被定义）汉弗莱戴维在1808年鉴定出了白矾中存在的金属离子汉斯克里斯汀奥斯汀在1825年首先分离出不纯的铝现在公认的首先提纯铝的是1827年弗勒贝尔维勒

In 1800, Sir Humphry Davy thought silica to be a compound and not an element; but in 1811, Gay Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard probably prepared impure amorphous silicon by heating potassium with silicon tetrafluoride. In 1824 Jöns Jakob Berzelius prepared amorphous silicon by the same general method. Henri Deville in 1854 first prepared crystalline silicon, the second allotropic form of the element.

1800年，汉弗莱认为二氧化硅是一种化合物而非一种元素，但是在1811年，盖吕萨克和路易斯牙科莱纳德几乎就通过钾和四氟化硅的方法制备出了硅 1824年，琼斯雅可比贝采利乌斯用同样的方法制备出了无定形硅 1854年，亨利戴维勒首先制备出了晶体硅，第二种同素异形体

Hennig Brand discovered phosphorus in 1669, in Hamburg, Germany, preparing it from urine. In 1769, Johan Gottlieb Gahn and Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed that calcium phosphate is found in bones, and they obtained elemental phosphorus from bone ash. Antoine Lavoisier recognized phosphorus as an element in 1777.

亨尼克布兰德在1669年的汉堡发现了磷并从尿中制备了单质 1769年，约翰高特里布卡恩和卡尔威赫姆舍勒在骨头中发现了磷化钙，然后他们从骨灰中得到了单质磷安东尼拉瓦锡在1777年定义了磷是一种元素

By the 3rd century, the Chinese discovered that sulfur could be extracted from pyrite. Indian alchemists wrote extensively about the use of sulfur in alchemical operations with mercury, from the eighth century AD onwards. In 1777, Antoine Lavoisier helped convince the scientific community that sulfur was an element, not a compound.

3世纪之前，中国人就已经发现可以从黄铁矿中提纯硫单质 8世纪之前印度炼金术士写过大量的关于硫和汞的操作 1777年，安东尼拉瓦锡说服了科学社区把硫认定为单质，而非化合物

Around 1630, chlorine was recognized as a gas by the Belgian chemist and physician Jan Baptist van Helmont. Elemental chlorine was first prepared and studied in 1774 by Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. By 1810, the scientific consensus was that chlorine was actually a compound that contained oxygen. In 1811, Sir Humphry Davy concluded the new gas was in fact a new element.

大约1630年，氯气就被比利时化学家和物理学家詹巴皮斯托范赫尔穆特发现 1774年瑞典化学家卡尔威赫姆舍勒首先制备并学习了氯单质 1810年之前，科学界都认为其是氧化的盐酸但是1811年汉弗莱戴维总结认为这种新气体是一种新元素

Argon was suspected to be present in air by Henry Cavendish in 1785. It was not isolated until 1894 by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay in Scotland. Argon became the first member of the noble gases to be discovered. In 1957, IUPAC agreed that the symbol should change from A to Ar.

氩被亨利卡文迪许怀疑存在是在1785年但是知道1894年才被劳德瑞林和威廉拉姆齐在苏格兰分离出来氩是稀有气体的第一位会员 1957年，国际纯粹与应用化学协会同意了把其元素符号由A改为Ar

Potassium's symbol K comes from 'kalium' the name of the element in Germany and Scandinavia. Potassium metal was first isolated in 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy, who derived it from caustic potash by the use of electrolysis of the molten salt with the newly discovered voltaic pile. Potassium was the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis.

钾元素的名称来源于德文和斯堪的纳维亚半岛地区的旧式名称金属架第一次被分离出来是1807年的汉弗莱戴维，从腐蚀过的壶垢中用电堆电解法得到的钾是第一个用电解法得到的元素单质

Calcium was known as early as the first century when the Ancient Romans prepared lime as calcium oxide. Calcium was first isolated by Sir Humphry Davy in 1808 when he electrolyzed a mixture of lime and mercuric oxide. Davy was trying to isolate calcium; when he heard that Jöns Jakob Berzelius and Pontin prepared calcium amalgam by electrolyzing lime in mercury, he tried it himself.

早在一世纪时，罗马人就开始生产和应用石灰（氧化钙）1808年，汉弗莱戴维爵士就采用电解石灰和氧化汞的方法制备出了钙单质（雅可比贝采利乌斯的方法）

In 1879, Lars Fredrik Nilson and his team detected scandium in the minerals euxenite and gadolinite. Nilson prepared 2 grams of scandium oxide of high purity. Per Teodor Cleve showed that scandium had properties similar to those predicted by Mendeleev for eka-boron. Metallic scandium was first prepared in 1937 by Fischer and his colleagues.

1879年，拉尔斯弗雷德里克尼尔森和他的团队在黑稀金矿和硅铍钇矿探测到了钪尼尔森制备了两克高纯的氧化钪皮尔特奥多尔克里夫揭示了钪的某些性质和硼的相似性金属钪在1937年被费雪和他的同事制备出来

William Gregor found the oxide of titanium in ilmenite in 1791. Martin Heinrich Klaproth independently discovered the element in rutile in 1795 and named it. The pure metallic form was only obtained in 1910 by Matthew A. Hunter. In 1936, the Kroll Process made the commercial production of titanium possible.

威廉格雷戈在1791年在钛铁矿发现了一种钛的氧化物马丁海因里希克拉普鲁斯独立地在金红石中发现了这种元素并且将其命名纯的金属钛在1910年被马修洪特制得 1936年克罗尔过程让商业化的钛生产成为可能

Vanadium was originally discovered by Andrés Manuel del Río in 1801. In 1805, the French chemist Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils incorrectly declared that del Río's new element was only an impure sample of chromium. In 1831, the Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefström rediscovered the element in a new oxide he found while working with iron ores. Later that same year, Friedrich Wöhler confirmed del Río's earlier work.

安德烈斯曼尼尔德锐澳在1801年发现了钒元素 1805年，法国化学家伊波利托维克多柯尔特狄斯梯错误地声称锐澳的新元素知识不纯的铬 1831年，瑞典化学家尼尔斯盖布里尔在研究铁矿时重新发现了这种元素的氧化态几年之后弗勒贝尔维勒肯定啦锐澳的早期工作

In 1797, Louis Nicolas Vauquelin received samples of crocoite ore. In 1798, Vauquelin discovered that he could isolate metallic chromium by heating the oxide in a charcoal oven, making him the discoverer of the element. Vauquelin was also able to detect traces of chromium in precious gemstones, such as ruby or emerald.

1797年，路易斯尼可拉斯沃克兰得到了铬铅矿的样本 1798年，沃克兰发现他可以在木炭中加热铬的氧化物分离出金属铬沃克兰同样在宝石中探测出了铬比如红宝石和翡翠

By the mid-18th century, Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele had used pyrolusite to produce chlorine. Scheele and others were aware that pyrolusite contained a new element, but they were not able to isolate it. Johan Gottlieb Gahn was the first to isolate an impure sample of manganese metal in 1774, by reducing the dioxide with carbon.

在18世纪中期以前，瑞典化学家卡尔威赫姆舍勒用软锰矿制备氯气舍勒和其他科学家意识到软锰矿包含着另一种新的元素，但那时他们无法将其分离乔安哥特里布卡恩在1774年通过用碳去除氧元素分离出了不纯的金属锰样品

The first iron used by humans is likely to have come from meteorites. The oldest known iron objects used by humans are some beads of meteoric iron, made in Egypt in about 4000 BC. The discovery of smelting around 3000 BC led to the start of the iron age around 1200 BC and the prominent use of iron for tools and weapons.

铁的最初开发是在陨石中最早的应用是一些埃及陨铁珠子，公元前4000年左右铁的熔化在公元前3000年别发现导致了公元前1200年开始的铁器时代

Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to impart a rich blue color to glass, glazes and ceramics. The element was first isolated by Swedish chemist George Brandt in 1735. He showed it was the presence of the element cobalt that caused the blue color in glass, not bismuth as previously thought.

钴化合物被用来合成蓝色的玻璃，釉料和陶瓷这个元素第一次是被瑞典化学家乔治波兰特在1735年分离出来他展示了钴就是蓝色的原因而非以前认为的铋元素

Artifacts made from metallic meteorites have been found dating from as early as 5000 BC. In 1751, Baron Axel Fredrik Cronstedt was trying to extract copper from kupfernickel and instead produced the white metal. In the early twentieth century, Ludwig Mond patented a process using nickel carbonyl to purify nickel.

人工作用的金属镍在公元前5000年左右就开始了 1751年，克朗斯塔德尝试从尼克尔铜矿提取铜时得到了一种白色金属，就是镍在20世纪早期，路德维哥蒙德就一种用镍羰基化合物提纯镍的方法申请了专利

Copper occurs naturally as native copper and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record. Earliest estimates of the discovery of copper suggest around 9000 BC in the Middle East. It was one of the most important materials to humans throughout the copper and bronze ages.

铜在自然界可以以以游离态存在并且在最早的人类文明中有发现被估计最早的铜的发现是在公元前9000年左右的中东地区这就是青铜时代的开始

Metallic zinc was produced in the 13th century A.D. India by reducing calamine with organic substances such as wool. The metal was rediscovered in Europe by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf in 1746. He heated a mixture of calamine ore and carbon in a closed vessel without copper to produce the metal.

金属锌在13世纪被生产出来印度人的方法是用羊毛还原天然硅酸锌这个金属在1746年被玛格富再次发现，他在容器中加热硅酸锌和碳制备了纯锌

In 1871, existence of gallium was first predicted by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev and called the element eka-aluminum. Gallium was discovered spectroscopically by French chemist Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875 by its characteristic spectrum in an examination of a sphalerite sample. Later that year, Lecoq obtained the free metal by electrolysis of its hydroxide in potassium hydroxide solution.

1871年，蒙杰列夫就预测了镓的存在，称其为类铝镓被法国化学家保罗布瓦伯德朗在1875年用光谱法分析闪锌矿时发现之后几年，乐卡克用电姐其氢氧化物的方法在氢氧化钾溶液中得到了镓的自由金属

In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties based on its position on his periodic table and called the element eka-silicon. In 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in a rare mineral called argyrodite. The first silicon-germanium alloys were obtained in 1955.

1869年，蒙杰列夫就通过不完整的元素周期表预测到了锗的存在且称其为类硅 1886年，温科勒发现了这个新元素和银与硫，在一种叫硫银锗矿的稀有矿石中第一种硅锗合金在1955年被得到

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